博森考研英语-管卫东考研英语全程讲义 |
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Sj163.cn 作者：未知 来源：博森考研英语 热度：℃ 时间：2006-8-13 10:18:00 |
管卫东老师全程考研英语讲义
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学生常见的问题
1、 问：平时很多老师叫我们做精读，但真需要这么做吗？对得分真有帮助吗？
答：不需要，对得分没有实质性的帮助。因为精读和泛读的区别一在于精读是当有一个单词不认识时就会根据上下语境来推测单词的意思，可考试时如果我们遇到一个不认识的单词时应该放弃而不是根据上下语境来推测单词的意思，因为在考场是我们是没有时间这样靠上下文语境来推测单词的意思的；二在于真正的精读是要把文章都搞懂，但是在考试时文章懂不懂不重要，只是要把题做出来，而每道题考的句子只是一句或者两三句，加起来一篇文章考的句字也就是十几句，剩下的句子你读的越懂就越可能增加错误选项的迷惑性，错误选项的迷惑性也就越高。
2、 问：为什么有时候文章明明都读懂了，可做题错的还是一塌糊涂？
答：因为中国人读文章读得越懂就越喜欢把原文按照自己的主观意识进行加工，举个例子：如果原文说A不是导致B的唯一原因，那么A是原因吗？如果我们用主观意识一推就会认为A是导致B其中的一个原因并且还有其他原因，而基于原文的字面意思A不是导致B的唯一原因，只能说明导致B还有其他原因，但是A是不是原因我们并不知道，因为原文并没有告诉我们，认为A是原因也是我们自己引申出来的。考研是标准化考试，是不能让我们用自己的主观意识体会出句子的引申意思，因为正确答案不能对应引申义，因为每个人的主观意识是不一样的，不同的主观意识认为这句话的引申意思不一样，假如原文说这件衣服400块钱，请选择A这件衣服贵，B这件衣服便宜，那么家庭条件好的学生会认为这句话的引申意思为这件衣服便宜，而家庭条件差的学生会认为这句话的引申意思为这件衣服贵，如果这两个答案中有一个是正确答案的话，就不能体现标准化考试答案公认唯一性，如果正确答案对应的是引申义就将是极具争议的，而标准化考试为了避免这种争议就只能对应原文的字面意思。对于中国人文章读得越懂就越不考虑文章的字面意思，而是根据字面意思推来推去，而一推就越可能做错了。
3、 问：为什么我练了这么长时间的长难句分析，读句子还是这么慢？
答：因为在真正读句子的时候，如果我们要把句子的主谓宾、定状补分析得都很清楚，那么我们很可能就已经把这句话读了很多遍，要想分析得越清楚读的遍数也就越多，这就是我们读句子慢的原因。其实任何一种语言都是先有意思后有语法结构，举个例子，美国文盲能听懂任何一句话的意思但是却不知道这句话的语法结构——什么是主谓宾，什么是定状补，这就证明一种语言是先有意思后有结构。按照真正阅读的过程，每句话我们应该只需要读出它的意思就够了，如果只需要读出它的意思，我们就没必要过多的关心它的语法结构，而按照我们课程中所说的读句子的方法就能够明白句子的意思，只是不知道它的语法结构到底是什么样的。所以，长难句分析不是在有时间压力下进行阅读时使用的，而是在研究这句语言结构有多美时使用的，是建立在了解这句话的意思的基础之上的，而这并不是在考试时有时间压力时我们能做到的和应该做到的，我们要做的不是去体会这句话结构有多美，而是去了解这句话的意思。
4、 问：为什么作文我背了模板句，作文的分数还是不太理想？
答：这有两个原因，第一个是模板句的重复率很高，考生你用这个句子我也用这个句子。举个例子，一般漫画或图表作文里，我们在文章的开始一般都会用这个模板句“As is shown in the pictures, we can see clearly that ”，如果这句话在考试中考生你用我也用，那么判题人第一次看到这个句型的时候会觉得写得还不错，但看到很多人都套用这个句型之后，他就肯定不会把判题的重点放在这里了。第二个原因，由于第一原因导致的重复率，使得判题人爱看考生基本上用不上模板句的地方，那么一篇文章中依照考生现在背的模板句的情况，很可能是每段中间的内容基本上用不上模板句，因为每段的段首和段尾考生可以依照模板句套用，但中间的部分涉及到这个题目本身具体的内容所以不可能有万能模板可套，只能靠考生自己写，由于判题人知道段首和段尾考生有可能套用模板句，这就使他们更多的关注段中的部分，如果段中部分你写得不好，那么段中的句子和段首尾的句子在语言上就会形成一个比较大的落差，段首尾是抄的所以应该在用词和结构方面都不错，而段中的句子是考生自己写的，可能在用词和结构方面都不是很好，一篇文章出现语言上的落差就很可能导致分数不高。因此，基本上就是句型重复和语言落差这两个原因导致了作文分数不高。
5、 问：老师把阅读理解的题目做了细致的分类，可在考场如此短的时间里我能把这些复杂的方法应用在我的解题过程中吗？
答：很多老师通常把阅读的题目分成主旨题、细节题、词汇题、代词指代题等，还有人更细化把作者态度题分为全文作者态度题和局部作者态度题，这样的方法听起来很系统但是却忘记了越系统的方法步骤就越多，步骤越多在考场上有时间压力的情况下可操作性就越低，而且步骤越多的方法在运用时犯错的可能性就越多。举个例子，如果一个方法只有两步，考生做错步的概率比一个有十步的方法考生做错的概率要小得多，因为只有两步考生做错的可能性非常小，而有十步的，考生即使前九步都对了但最后一步错了也会导致最终的错误，那么前九步的工作都白做了。因此，由于步骤越多的方法在有时间压力下的考场越用不上，步骤越多的方法犯错的概率越大，所以考生根本不太可能在考场时间如此短的情况下应用如此复杂的方法。那么，为什么大多数老师喜欢讲复杂的方法呢？因为越复杂的方法听起来越系统，越系统的方法在中国传统的教育理念里越容易接受，但是我们要记住在考场上是有时间压力的，我们是没有时间做这些事的。
6、 问：为什么所有的难题老师一讲我就明白，可让我自己做却总是想不出来怎么办？
答：这有两种可能。第一种可能发生的比较多，就是大多数老师在给学生讲题时是事先知道正确答案的，是根据正确答案倒退出来的讲法。举个例子，在高中或初中我们都做过平面几何证明题，这类题比较难的是画辅助线，而老师讲时画辅助线都是非常的顺，利用这条辅助线使用公式一步两步三步最后把这道题证明出来，而学生遇到的问题却是当考试遇到这类题目时知道该画辅助线却不知道该在哪里画辅助线，这就是为什么每次老师都画对而学生都画错的原因，也就是老师一讲我明白而学生自己做就做不出来的原因之一。因为如果老师事先知道答案，他就应该知道在其他地方画辅助线做不出来，只有在这个地方画辅助线才能对应出正确答案，所以他只给学生讲在这个地方画辅助线的做法。而对于学生辅助线都画不对的话后面的推导过程都是无用的，因为后面的推导过程的前提是把辅助线画对了，因为辅助线将会决定做题方向。所以，如果老师讲解的是知道正确答案后倒推出来的方法，学生就肯定不可能想出来，因为学生和老师之间存在着最大的区别就是老师知道答案而学生不知道答案。第二种可能是老师的方法学生没用对。如果一道题当自己没做对时，记住永远不要先去看正确方法的讲解，应该是先把自己怎么做的——从刚开始审题到最后把答案做错的过程整理一遍，然后把老师正确的讲解过程与自己当时做题的过程进行比较，如果发现比如说从第三步开始和正确的解题有点不一样了，那么进行分析为什么第三步老师是这么做的而自己却是那么做的，原因无非有两种，第一种是老师讲的方法没有理解，那么要分析一下没有理解的是哪个部分，第二种就是根本没办法和老师想的一样，那么很可能这个老师是事先知道答案的。
7、 问：为什么老师总是让我背大量的固定搭配，可考试那天万一有一个我没背过的词组我该怎么办？
答：其实任何固定搭配都是不需要背的，因为固定搭配涉及到语法，而我们说过任何一门语言都是先有意思后有语法，可以根据句子的意思推出语法怎么写。举个例子，一个动词后面是跟to do 还是跟doing 问题 ,例如enjoying，如果没有背过，我们把意思说出来就决定了语法只能这么写，因为无论enjoying后面跟to do 还是跟doing表达的意思都是享受做某事，在意思中有两个动作，而这个意思使得享受和做这两个动作必须同时产生，因为如果不做着就无法享受，而表示两个动作同时发生只能用doing，to do通常表示动作有时间先后顺序关系，例如stop to do 表示停下来去做某事，那么只有先停下来才能再去做某事。因此没有所谓的固定搭配，所有的固定搭配都可以通过意思推出来，而在考场上我们根本不需要背。
阅 读 部 分
1、阅读A
1）阅读方法概论
① 客观：在接受原文给所给的信息时，只能接受原文的字面意思和字面意思存在的前提。例题：
a. A不是导致B的唯一原因－A也是原因之一
b. 有A .B两组人，A这组人抽烟B不抽，经过十年的跟踪调查发现A这组人都得了各种各样的癌症而B这组人却很健康，我们知道抽烟和得癌症是有必然联系的－所以我们知道是由于抽烟导致癌症发病率提高
c. 政府的这个政策使GDP 增长了0.5%－政府的这个政策没有用
d. 管卫东英吉喝水的前提是什么－A 他们渴了 B 有水存在 C 他们能喝水
② 不充分性思维（必要性思维）
在做任何一件事情的时候都要有主次之分，先去满足较重要的条件（这件事情要想成功的必要性前提是什么），当重要的条件得以满足是这件事情不一定能成功，但这些条件都满足不了这件事情肯定不能成功。例题：
a. 管卫东英吉是老师－他们不是企业家
2) 思维在阅读中的应用
① 题干，原文和选项的重要性谁先谁后？（重要性的高低决定我应当先看谁）
② 题干的作用，如何看题干，对题干如何分类？
a. 题干的作用：题干将会决定这道题要想做对应当读原文的那句话
b. 找：题干问了原文的具体内容，并且此内容并不是文章通篇讲的核心概念
不找：题干根本没问原文的具体内容; 题干问了原文的具体内容，但此内容是文章通篇讲的核心概念
例题：
a. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are---
b. The author discusses a particular travel agency in the passage most likely in order to
c. The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 16 – 32 were the only criteria for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true?
d. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public\'s
e. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should
③ 如何读原文
只接受字面意思及前提，不允许读出原文之间的逻辑关系（可能会读错，也没必要因为就算读对了也会花费很长的时间）例如：
A 公司为了表明他们公司生产的小汽车耐用，引用了一个事实：1970年其它公司生产的小汽车大多都报废了，而A公司在1970年生产的小汽车还有一半仍在被使用。
跑得多---耐用 耐用---跑得多
④ 如何看选项
正确选项在大多数情况下不会完全支持原文，它的存在只会使原文的正确率有所提高（正确答案要想是对的前提是的和原文所说内容沾边，沾边的不一定对，但不沾边的肯定不对，所以再读选项时只要选项和原文应该读的句子在意思上沾边，就先留下，不沾边的先排除，如果沾边的只有一个，此答案就是正确的，如果沾边的不止一个再用A-B或者虚实原则进行进一步比较）
a. A-B原则（B是A存在的必要前提）例题：
Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
3. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night.
［A］ Use Humor Effectively.
［C］ Add Humor to Speech.
［D］ Different Humor Strategies.
［B］ reduction in supply. ［D］ Iraq's suspension of exports.
b. 虚实原则：虚的选项错误概率最小
(A) 管喝水 (B) 管干了件事情
3) 阅读方法流程图
找不着的题目 题干中没有说明考查的具体位置 按局部方向做题 题干中说明了考查的具体位置 如能做出则不管其他选项 按全文方向解题并注意各段首句和转折后内容（94年54题） 如不能做出则将选项当作能找的题干回原文定位分析对错 如不能做出则将选项当作能找的题干回原文定位分析对错
根据题干应记忆词回原文定位划出很多句 读且只读这句话按这句话的好坏、内容解题（下例1、９８年５２题） 读这几句话的内容并按此解题 能采用微调精调到一句话（下例2、4） 不能精调到一句
根据题干应记忆词回原文定位只划出一句 能找着的题目
根据题干应记忆词回原文定位一句 没划出来 不清楚是否考这句 确定不考这句 确定考这句 按这句话所在这层的方向解题 按顺序出题原则定位（努力寻找所记词的同义词）（下例3） 读这句话如做不出考虑这句话所在这段方向 读懂 读不懂 做不出 按这句话所在这段的方向解题
4) 初试锋芒
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. “On, that's God," came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pickout a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor..
41. To make your humor work, you should .
［A］ take advantage of different kinds of audience.
［B］ make fun of the disorganized people.
［C］ address different problems to different people.
［D］ show sympathy for your listeners.
42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .
［A］ impolite to new arrivals.
［B］ very conscious of their godlike role.
［C］ entitled to some privileges.
［D］ very busy even during lunch hours.
43. It can be inferred from the text that public services .
［A］ have benefited many people.
［B］ are the focus of public attention.
［C］ are an inappropriate subject for humor.
［D］ have often been the laughing stock.
44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .
［A］ in well-worded language.
［B］ as awkwardly as possible.
［C］ in exaggerated statements.
［D］ as casually as possible.
45. The best title for the text may be .
［A］ Use Humor Effectively.
［B］ Various Kinds of Humor.
［C］ Add Humor to Speech.
［D］ Different Humor Strategies.
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .
［A］ the use of machines to produce science fiction.
［B］ the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
［C］ the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
［D］ the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
47. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .
［A］ programs. ［B］ experts. ［C］ devices. ［D］ creatures.
48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .
［A］ fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
［B］ interact with human beings verbally.
［C］ have a little common sense.
［D］ respond independently to a changing world.
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .
［A］ make a few decisions for themselves.
［B］ deal with some errors with human intervention.
［C］ improve factory environments.
［D］ cultivate human creativity.
50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
［A］ expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
［B］ able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
［C］ far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
［D］ best used in a controlled environment.
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped b-y 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is .
［A］ global inflation. ［B］ reduction in supply.
［C］ fast growth in economy. ［D］ Iraq's suspension of exports.